bank.gov.ua

У фінансовому секторі після 2014 року був атакований один із найважливіших старих каналів — пов’язане кредитування. Діагностика НБУ виявила, що 44 із 99 перевірених банків перевищували норматив експозиції до пов’язаних осіб; НБУ характеризу

belongs mainly to financial-stock/exposure ledger. [\[28\]]( )

high

The strongest defensible **core GDP spine presently available from official Ukrainian sources** is the State Statistics Service national-accounts series distributed through Ukrstat and the NBU: an SNA-1993 block for 1996–2000 and an SNA-200

The external account is one of the clearest demonstrations of regime change. NBU BPM6 data record the current account at \+$4.25 billion in 2020, −$5.46 billion in 2021, **\+$6.20 billion in 2022**, −$10.78 billion in 2023, −$16.90 billion

Post-2022 macroeconomic stability is therefore **inseparable from extraordinary official external financing**. The IMF’s July 2026 review explicitly attributes preserved macro stability to prudent policies together with substantial donor su

NBU’s official history states that the 1996 monetary reform exchanged karbovantsi for hryvnia at 100,000:1 during September 2–16, after which the hryvnia became the sole legal tender. [\[27\]]( )

As of August 10, 2026, the NBU official daily reference was approximately **UAH 44.7579 per USD**; this is an end/current-day rate, not the annual-average conversion factor for 2026 GDP. [\[28\]]( )

FDI \!= GFCF. FDI is a financing/ownership relationship in the international accounts; it can finance acquisition of existing assets, intercompany debt, retained earnings or greenfield fixed capital. NBU research also identifies substantial

Reserves must be end-period stocks. As of end-July 2026, NBU international reserves were approximately **$51.2 billion**. The NBU July Inflation Report projects substantially higher reserves later under continued exceptional external suppor

NBU is canonical for the monetary surveys, bank balance sheets, policy rate, interest rates and financial-soundness indicators. Its monetary statistics follow IMF monetary/financial-statistics concepts and cover operating banks plus the rel

The 2014–16 bank cleanup is a macro regime break because it changes the bank population, credit stock and risk recognition. NBU reform materials identify financial stability and institutional reform as central components of the post-2014 tr

NBU materials document the transition toward inflation targeting after 2015 and medium-term inflation targets; IMF evaluations describe the broader post-2014 stabilization as significant but incomplete. [\[42\]]( )

The forecast-vintage history itself is analytically informative. NBU moved from approximately 1.8% 2026 growth in February to 1.3% in May and back to 1.8% in July as the assumed energy, security, external-finance and harvest environment cha

Ukraine also developed a genuinely exportable knowledge-services cluster. NBU's revised 2025 balance of payments records **USD 15.819 billion of service exports and USD 23.728 billion of service imports**. Computer services generated **USD

The transaction infrastructure has modernized rapidly. In 2024, NBU reports **8.185 billion cashless payment-card transactions worth UAH 4.244 trillion**, representing **94.6% of card transactions by number and 64.5% by value**. There were

Computer services alone supplied 42.1% of 2025 service export receipts. A harmoniz

Knowledge services increasingly face skilled-labour availability; logistics face physical/war constraints; small firms face financing constraints; exact sector ranking is survey-depend

NBU explicitly reported accelerated contactless/online payment adoption [\[35\]]( )

NBU payment observations: \[57\]]( ). STS fiscalization observations: [\[58\].

\+1.8%, according to NBU citing detailed SSSU GDP release [\[67\]]( )

cashless trend [\[77\]]( )

historical payments [\[78\]]( )

Cashless card transactions rose strongly; by number they were 94.6% of card transactions in 2024\. This does not establish an equivalent fall in shadow output. [\[19\]]( )

Currency-demand approaches require even greater caution in Ukraine. Cash can reflect informal transactions, but it can also reflect precautionary savings, distrust, crisis liquidity and currency substitution. NBU's 2026 external-sector revi

Card use has transformed sharply. NBU reported cashless card settlements at 39.3% in the relevant 2017 metric, while by 2024 **94.6% of card transactions by number were cashless**. These observations are not a perfectly homogeneous time ser

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