ec.europa.eu

high

SUT/I-O accounting treats transport, trade, finance, ICT and professional servic

For **wholesale and retail trade**, the resale value of merchandise is not the trade industry's output. Trade services are represented economically by distribution margins and separately charged services. In supply-use accounting, trade and

For **finance**, loans, deposits, securities portfolios and bank assets are balance-sheet stocks. Financial-service output comprises explicit service charges and services charged indirectly. ESA identifies FISIM separately, and IMF national

For **non-market government, education, health and NPISH services**, absence of a market selling price does not mean zero output. ESA values non-market producer output primarily from the sum of production costs. Consequently, enterprise rev

government/household/NPISH boundary [\[84\]]( )

The central finding is that **Ukraine does not have one economically meaningful “hidden economy” total**. It has several overlapping statistical and compliance phenomena: national-accounts exhaustiveness adjustments, Ministry of Economy sha

Risk/reconciliation indicators only: CIF/FOB, timing, partner attribution, re-exports, thresholds and compilation differences cause normal asymmetries. [\[17\]]( )

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/ddn-20260811-1